Insect Mosquitoes Essay Example

Bug: Mosquitoes Essay Section I Introduction Background of the Study Mosquitoes these days are an issue for us people. Mosquitoes are pulled in by skin smells and the carbon dioxide in our breath. With our atmosphere, it is simple for us Filipinos to get pulled in by mosquitoes basically in light of the fact that we are perspiring a great deal. In view of mosquito chomps, we can without much of a stretch get maladies like West Nile Virus, the West Nile infection is contracted when a mosquito nibbles a human or creature. This infection can cause fever, cerebral pain, sickness, regurgitating and rash in its beginning periods and can prompt loss of motion. Dengue Fever, a contracted sort of mosquito chomp essentially during the day. Particularly risky for kids, dengue fever is found essentially in the tropics. It looks like viral influenza and can be lethal. Jungle fever, additionally discovered principally in tropical areas, mosquitoes conveying intestinal sickness nibble during the night. Manifestations of this illness incorporate fever, chills, cerebral pain, discomfort and muscle throb. What's more, Yellow Fever, Mostly found in South America and Africa, yellow fever looks like the indications of different illnesses conveyed by mosquitoes. Notwithstanding these influenza like side effects, yellow fever can likewise cause spinal pain and jaundice and can be deadly. The hazard posted by mosquito nibbles have flooded so much that mosquito control estimations are practically critical to shield ourselves from contracting genuine sicknesses like the intestinal sickness or the West Nile Virus. Mosquito control is more critical than any other time in recent memory. Contaminated mosquitoes are the principle guilty party behind the spreading of these illnesses and keeping away from mosquito chomps is the main effective approach to stay safe. A few Mosquitoes that convey the West Nile infection are regularly dynamic at day break and sunset, which makes them less inclined to be taken note. We will compose a custom article test on Insect: Mosquitoes explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Insect: Mosquitoes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Insect: Mosquitoes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Mosquito nibbles can create unfavorably susceptible responses. Bothersome red knocks, for example, are viewed as unfavorably susceptible responses to the creepy crawlies salivation. Increasingly extreme responses incorporate rankles, hives, wounds and serious provocative responses. Our concern that we have to settle is the mosquitoes, since it conveys the Dengue infection, which we Filipinos know about. As of this current year, numerous individuals have kicked the bucket on account of dengue. We need that we can help in our own specific manner is to repulse mosquito in our skin so we won't get injured or get a chomp from a mosquito. Explanation of the Problem Our principle objective is to make a mosquito repellent that is eco-accommodating, yet successful in repulsing mosquitoes. Additionally, contend with the guidelines of the popularized repellent. The analysts intend to address these following inquiries: 1. Are the natural mosquito repellent sticks superior to the popularized anti-agents? 2. Is utilizing lemongrass and catnip conceivable in making compelling natural mosquito repellent sticks? 3. Which is increasingly compelling? Basing on the quantity of mosquitoes repulsed and slaughtered. (Catnip stick, lemongrass stick, or both consolidated. ) Hypothesis The natural mosquito repellent sticks can be a substitute to a marketed repellent, since it is more eco-accommodating and perhaps less unsafe to the body particularly the lungs. The specialists feel that it is conceivable to make natural mosquito repellent sticks utilizing lemongrass and catnip, since those two operators are known to be successful fixings in making mosquito anti-agents. The analysts accept that the curl with the two operators is substantially more successful, on the grounds that the impacts of the two specialists join is far superior to only one of the catnip or lemongrass. Meaning of Terms . Mosquito-repulsing incense - Usually formed into a stick, and normally produced using a dried glue of pyrethrum powder. - In the examination, this alludes to the item that the analysts are attempting to make. 2. Lemongrass - A fragrant tropical grass that yields oil that smells lemony. - This alludes to the tall grass utilized in making the anti-agents sticks. 3. Catnip - A char acteristic mosquito repellent. - One of the fundamental elements of our mosquito repellent sticks. 4. Jungle fever - Caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted by means of the nibbles of tainted mosquitoes. In this investigation, this is the illness that is normal in poor nations brought about by a parasite 5. Dengue Fever - A contracted sort of mosquito nibble fundamentally during the day. Particularly hazardous for kids, is found basically in the tropics. - In the investigation, this is the infection that is generally spreading in the Philippines that we need to forestall. 6. Nepetalactone Itâ is a natural compound initially detached from the plant catnip. - In the examination, it is the principle part of catnip that causes mosquitoes to be repulsed. Noteworthiness of the Study The importance of this examination plans to assist individuals with keeping mosquitoes from remaining in homes or schools. The specialists need to help individuals who get aggravated by troublesome mosquitoes. The scientists need to help certain individuals who experience mosquitoes in their regular day to day existence. 1. Overall population a. The majority when all is said in done, since everybody should be shielded from these bugs for they are unsafe to the body. 2. Campers b. These individuals like cub scouts and mountain dwellers like to remain outside, for example, backwoods and rocky territories, where there are a great deal of mosquitoes. So the analysts need to assist them with repulsing mosquitoes on their camps. 3. Guardians c. Guardians need to keep their youngsters from getting bit by mosquitoes making them. Our natural mosquitoes repellent sticks will be an extraordinary assistance to these individuals 4. The Poor d. These individuals can’t bear to purchase anti-agents for their homes. This will help them, since it is anything but difficult to make and extremely moderate even to poor people. Degree and Limitation Our extent of the examination is to make powerful mosquito repellent sticks, to keep mosquitoes from attacking homes and different spots. To decrease the danger of sicknesses brought about by mosquitoes, for example, Dengue Fever and Malaria. As a gathering we can just restrict our natural anti-agents sticks to just forestall mosquitoes, yet not to different bugs. The analysts just plan to repulse mosquitoes, however not to the degree that we would stop their reality. Section II Review of related writing Mosquito Coil Mosquito loop is mosquito-repulsing incense, normally molded into a winding, and regularly produced using a dried glue of pyrethrum powder. The loop is typically held at the focal point of the winding, suspending it noticeable all around, or wedged by two bits of flame resistant meshes to permit constant seething. Consuming as a rule starts at the external finish of the winding and advances gradually toward the focal point of the winding, delivering a mosquito-repellent smoke. An average mosquito curl can gauge around 15 cm in width and keeps going as long as 8 hours. Mosquito loops are broadly utilized in Asia, Africa, and South America. Awful impacts Burning mosquito loop (MC) discharges different fragrant mixes like benzo pyrenes, benzo-fluoroethane and particulate issues. These synthetic concoctions can possibly deliver unsafe impacts on aviation routes as exhibited by histopathological changes in the aviation routes of different creature models. It has been assessed that consuming one MC more than 8 hours produces particulate issue smoke (as estimated as PM2. 5) comparable to around 100 cigarettes. Particulate issue contamination has been appeared to expand aviation route hyper responsiveness and cause decrements in lung work. Mosquito The mosquitoes are a group of little, midge-like flies: the Culicidae. Albeit a couple of animal groups are innocuous or even helpful to humankind, most are an aggravation since they expend blood from living vertebrates, including people. The females of numerous types of mosquitoes are blood eating bugs. In benefiting from blood, some of them transmit incredibly destructive human and animals ailments, for example, intestinal sickness. A few specialists contend in like manner that mosquitoes are the most risky creatures on Earth. Eggs of certain mosquitoes drift on the water in pontoons. Hatchlings, frequently called wigglers, have a delicate body, a hard head and a breathing cylinder, or guide, at the tip of the midsection. Pupae are molded like a comma, and are ordinarily called tumblers. Grown-ups have fragile legs, a long proboscis and one sets of straightforward wings Dengue fever, otherwise called break bone fever, is an irresistible tropical illness brought about by the dengue infection. Indications incorporate fever, cerebral pain, muscle and joint agonies, and a trademark skin rash that is like measles. In a little extent of cases the malady forms into the perilous dengue hemorrhagic fever, bringing about dying, low degrees of blood platelets and blood plasma spillage, or into dengue stun condition, where hazardously low circulatory strain happens. Dengue is transmitted by a few types of mosquito inside the sort Aedes, mainly A. aegypti. The infection has four unique sorts; disease with one kind for the most part gives deep rooted resistance to that type, yet just momentary invulnerability to the others. Ensuing disease with an alternate sort builds the danger of serious inconveniences. As there is no financially accessible immunization, avoidance is looked for by diminishing the living space and the quantity of mosquitoes and constraining introduction to chomps. Treatment of intense dengue is strong, utilizing either oral or intravenous rehydration for gentle or moderate malady, and intravenous liquids and blood transfusion for progressively extreme cases. The occurrence of dengue fever has expanded significantly since the 1960s, with around 50â€100 million individuals tainted yearly. Early depictions of the condition date from 1779, and its viral reason and the transmission were explained in the mid twentieth century. Dengue has become a worldwide issue since the Second World War and is endemic in excess of 110 nations. Aside from taking out the mosquitoes, work is progressing on a

Islam and Muslim Contact Unit Free Essays

The Ultimate Guide to Co-working Spaces

The Ultimate Guide to Co-working Spaces Working from home is ideal for many of us but it can become very boring and drab over time. Coffee places are often great places to work in as they are usually lively and filled with people, but you cannot afford to spend more than an hour or two there. So what is the solution if you cannot afford to dish out a substantial amount of money for renting an office? © Shutterstock.com | Syda ProductionsIn this article, we will explore 1) an introduction to co-working spaces, 2) reasons why renting a co-working space is a great move for new entrepreneurs, and 3) how to find a great co-working space: the ultimate 10-step guide.INTRODUCTION TO CO-WORKING SPACESYou may not have heard about co-working spaces before, but they have become an emerging trend in the US ever since they originated in European countries a few years ago. In this article, we will discuss everything related to co-working spaces, the benefits and the ways you can find one in your area.First, let us discuss what a ‘co-working space’ is all about. Co-working refers to a shared working environment like an office. However, individuals working in the office are not hired by any organization and they work independently. This type of setup is mostly preferred by professionals who work at home but want to increase their productivity and work in a less isolated environment.Ideally, the individuals working under the same roof share the same values and ideals that make it easier for them to share a space and work together peacefully. Isolation is something that most work-at-home professionals and freelancers feel from time to time, and renting a co-working space is the perfect solution for this problem.If you are still not convinced how co-working spaces can be beneficial for budding entrepreneurs and freelancers, here are some statistics that you may want to consider.68% of co-workers feel that working together helps them focus on work better.By 2020, more than 40% of the workforce will consist of freelancers, solopreneurs, independent contractors and temps.Almost 92% of those renting co-working spaces are currently satisfied with this kind of arrangement and prefer to work this way.91% of co-workers agree that working together is a great way to interact with people from different fields and improves communication skills70% of co-workers believe that working to gether independently under the same roof is much better than working from a cubicle in a jam-packed traditional office setting.Co-workers usually report a 50% increase in their income over time once they start working together.As mentioned above, the co-working trend originated in Europe back in the nineties when co-working spaces officially opened as Schraubenfabrik in Vienna. The co-working trend soon became popular in the US, and by 2005 the first co-working space opened up in San Francisco. This association was the brainchild of Brad Nueberg, who thought that working at home decreased the productivity of the individual.Co-working spaces are definitely here to stay; here is why:More and more people these days are into starting their own businesses, which is why co-working spaces are great. They are more cost effective and you get added benefits like Wi-Fi, access to a small kitchen, conference rooms and a fax. Budding entrepreneurs who have limited financial means can easily affo rd to rent a co-working space instead of punching above their weight and opting for a private office.The social aspect of co-working also adds value to the idea.REASONS WHY RENTING A CO-WORKING SPACE IS A GREAT MOVE FOR NEW ENTREPRENEURSMore and more entrepreneurs nowadays prefer to save up on monthly costs by renting co-working spaces. Take a look at some of the great benefits that co-working spaces have to offer for budding entrepreneurs.Connect with New PeopleWorking together gives you a great networking opportunity. You get a chance to meet and connect with new people. We do not need to tell you how important networking is if you want to grow as a professional in the corporate world. Renting a co-working space will help you establish a good rapport as far as clients and personal and professional contacts are concerned. Who knows, the one sharing an office with you today could be your future business partner or investor!A More Cost-Effective OptionEvery penny you save today will help you expand your business venture in the future, which is why co-working is ideal. Renting a co-working space is a more cost-effective option because you get to split the rent with flexible monthly or yearly contracts. But that is not all; you get access to all necessary amenities like conference rooms, Wi-Fi, fax machines, printers, etc.Simply put, the overhead costs of operating out of a co-working space are lower while you can rent a place in a better location and share costs with your co-working partner.Higher Chance of CollaborationsWhat if we told you, you could take advantage of your co-worker’s unique skill set and outrun your competition? Yes, when you work together, the chances of collaborating and achieving success automatically increase. You and your co-worker can offer expert advice in your respective fields and help take your businesses to greater heights.When two or more people from different backgrounds meet and work together, success is almost guaranteed becau se you have more knowledge and a unique set of skills to tackle every hurdle that comes your way.The Motivation FactorFreelancers and work-at-home professionals experience boredom and isolation when they work from home. This results in low productivity and leads to de-motivation. However, working in a professional environment keeps productivity and motivation in check. More than 50% of professionals prefer to work at co-working spaces instead of their home offices because it allows them to interact with people, while the professional environment motivates them to work diligently.Higher ProductivityThis point relates to the one above. Working from home sure seems like a more convenient option but it often has major disadvantages. Achieving work-life balance becomes a problem and focusing on work is not possible because of constant distractions. Laziness creeps in and you feel like sleeping through the day instead of handling work more professionally.When you rent a co-working space, it automatically motivates you to work harder when you see other professionals focusing on their work to achieve success.New Ideas from a Different IndustryMore often than not, coming up with unique and creative ideas is difficult for many professionals. However, when you find yourself surrounded by professionals coming from different backgrounds, you get more ideas for running your business successfully. Also, your fellow co-workers might help you out with implementing the new idea and turning it into a reality.It is indeed true that diversity promotes creativity by giving one fresh new perspective on things.Flexible Leasing TermsMost co-working spaces are not only affordable but offer flexible leasing terms as well so you won’t have to commit for any longer than you want to. You can choose between monthly and yearly contracts depending on your business needs.All Office Amenities under One RoofAs discussed earlier in the article, shared costs and access to necessary amenities can really help new entrepreneurs work efficiently and save up money at the same time. You will not have to worry about arranging a conference room, Wi-Fi, fax machine, kitchen, etc. Having all office amenities under one roof at a co-working space is just perfect if you are looking for a more cost-effective option to run your business smoothly.Gain and Borrow Unique SkillsWorking together is great for you and your fellow workers, too, because you all can help each other by sharing your unique skills. They say two heads are better than one, and this is especially true when it comes to running a business successfully because it makes you see things from a different perspective and focus on every aspect of the business.What better way is there to do this by reaching out to your co-workers for an expert opinion on matters that you find confusing?HOW TO FIND A GREAT CO-WORKING SPACE: THE ULTIMATE 10-STEP GUIDEWhether you are a budding entrepreneur, freelancer or work-at-home professional, h ere is a ten-step guide that will help you find the perfect co-working space.Step 1: Identify Your MarketDo not try to become everything all at once because it will leave you nowhere. The best way to find the perfect co-working space is to do thorough research and identify your market. You can do this by having a clear understanding of your prospective audience and select a niche to build on the basis of industry, scale, business maturity, culture, location, age, demand prospects and value.Remember, if the co-working space you have chosen loses sight of its target market, its identity will be lost in translation.Step 2: Location Is EverythingNaturally, location is the top priority when you buy a new house; the same rule applies to finding great co-working spaces. Once you have done thorough research on the target market, it is time to plan on where to set up your new office. Also, do an independent survey to learn more about your competitors in the area so you can find a place accor dingly. There is no point in setting up an office in the wrong place if the demand is unsustainable. Here is a great list of co-working spaces in the US.Step 3: Pay Attention to the InteriorThe first and only thing that anyone who enters your new co-working space will notice is the interior and furnishings of the office. So make sure the place you choose to work is tidy and the fixtures and furniture provide a sense of professionalism. However, the interior is not essentially everything when it comes to finding the perfect co-working space.The place you choose must also be consistent with the principles and core values of the business as well as the target market.Step 4: Go for BrandingThe name, marketing material, logo, and digital identity of the business is essential for its growth and success, so do not be complacent as far as branding is concerned. Make sure you decorate your new co-working space in line with the logo and core values of the business before you post pictures of your office on social media.Step 5: Community and Culture Are Critical ElementsThe main difference between a shared co-working space and an empty office space is community. The key element that attracts people is branding, but community and culture are what make them stay. When looking for a co-working space, make sure you pick one that promotes community bonding based on cultural traits, common values and a set of house rules that are not too overbearing.Step 6: Events and EducationEvents help entrepreneurs and professionals to market their space to others in the community who might not recognize themselves immediately as member material. The nature of all the events you organize must be aligned with your brand in order to entice your market. If your co-working space promotes public professional services like lawyers, accountants and bookkeepers, then you can solidify your standing as a public practice co-working space easily by choosing topics that focus on how to maximize tax ret urns.Step 7: Music for Better ProductivityBackground music may not be the norm in many offices but when you are working in a shared work environment, you can bend the rules a little. Instead of working in a dull environment, you can lighten the mood and increase your productivity by playing some music at an appropriate volume. The music will boost your mood, keep you from getting bored and help you get the work done faster than usual.Step 8: Necessary AmenitiesCo-workers primarily choose to rent co-working spaces because they offer a limited set of amenities that are essential for running a business successfully. When weighing the pros and cons of selecting a co-working space, make sure you pick one where all the necessary amenities are provided like Wi-Fi, conference room, fax machine, kitchen, etc.Step 9: Convenient Sign Up, Lease and Billing TermsIn this day and age, flexibility is just what everyone needs. Sign up for a co-working space that offers simple registration, billing a nd leasing terms. This will go a long way because you will not have to commit for longer than you want to. This is great for budding entrepreneurs and professionals who have great plans for their business in the future and do not want to be tied down.Step 10: Pricing and FlexibilityLast but not the least; picking a suitable co-working space depends on pricing and flexibility. The reason why co-working spaces exist is to promote flexibility and affordability. Pick a co-working space that offers flexible billing terms and contracts so you never have to worry about being stuck there longer than you need to.Now that we have discussed all the major mention-worthy advantages and tips for renting a suitable co-working space, we hope you find one that is the best for you and your business.

Existentialism And Its Impact On Society - 1816 Words

Introduction Existentialism developed in the more extensive feeling to twentieth century rationality that is focused upon the investigation about presence and of the best approach people discover themselves existing or their existence as a whole. Existentialism takes its name from those philosophical topic of existence , this doesn t involve that there will be homogeneity in the way presence will be on be comprehended. On simpler terms, existentialism will be an logic worried for finding self and the intending from claiming an aggregation through spare will, choice and also personage obligation. Existentialism turned into prominent following those Second World War. In spite of seeing its philosophical viewpoint is little spot complex,†¦show more content†¦The faith is individuals are looking on figure out who and what they are all around existence concerning illustration they settle on decisions. In view of their experiences, beliefs also personal decisions turn into interesting without those need about a objective structure of an existentialist puts stock that an individual ought to make compelled with decide. Furthermore be answerable without those help for laws, ethnic rules, or conventions. Fundamentally those existentialist expects that the huge truth will be that a distinct. Furthermore things as a rule exist, anyway that these things have no implying to them but as particular case experience acting upon them would make significance. â€Å"The existential theory is concerned for the personal commitment of this interesting existing unique in the human circumstances†. It endeavors with portray the nonsensical perspective about man s nature, will typify nothingness and see it Likewise An widespread sourball about fear, on doubt concepts, Furthermore will underscore experiential solidness. The existentialist s purpose for flight is the prompt sense of awareness that need of as much circumstances and only this mindfulness is those feeling need of insignificance in the external world; this meaninglessness produces for him that is the discomfort, anxiety, an forlornness in the face for man s restrictions Furthermore anShow MoreRelatedExistentialism And Its Impact On Society Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages Jean-Paul Sartre once said â€Å"man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.† The implications of this statement and his entire school of thought had a profound effect on society as a whole. Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard is often thought to be the first proponent of existentialism but never used the term as a self-describer and was categorized as an existentialist posthumously. 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Differences Between Gender And Gender - 845 Words

exuality and Gender Generally, we think there are two sexes and two genders: male and female. Many sociologists have based their theories of sex and gender on this binary system. From birth we are taught to act either like a lady or like a man, there is no in between. We believe gender is shaped by biology, that it is a doing, and it originates from our cultures yet, gender nonconforming people may challenge these theories. First, although we believe there are only two sexes, there are actually five (Fausto-Sterling, 1993). There are hermaphrodites who have one testes and one ovary, merms that have male genitalia and some ovaries, ferms that have ovaries and some male genitalia, and then man and woman (Fausto-Sterling, 1993). Also, one in every four births are intersex (Fausto-Sterling, 1993). We want these gender nonconforming people to be â€Å"fixed† surgically because they no longer fit into our social norms, and threaten what we think to be true about gender, however they are more common than many think (Fausto-Sterling, 1993). We try to explain gender differences by biology. Many people and sociologists believe in the idea of biology as destiny (Kimmel, 2012). We use the idea of being biologically male or female in order to explain why we are more prone to act or look one way or another (Kimmel, 2012). Women are smaller and more petite and are supposed to have more emotions, while men are thought to be biologically taller and better at things like math (Kimmel, 2012).Show MoreRelatedGender Differences Between Gender And Sex1334 Words   |  6 Pagesmany people are constantly categorized to be confused about what their whole life and purpose is, because they cannot be placed in one of the two socially accepted gender categories- male or female. 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Sex is divided up into two divisions, male or female, based upon their reproductive system. Gender is the notion set by society on what social behaviours are acceptable for males and females, for example the expectation that females are more caring or nurturing than men. Gender can be further divided into two subcategorise: identity and stereotype. Gender identity is the concept that your sex and gender do not have to be the same but can differentRead MoreDifferences Between Genders And Communication Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pages When you think of gender differences you probably automatically consider anatomical and biological differences. Perhaps you contemplate about differences in appearance or maybe occupation. Gender differences are relevant in politics, the workplace, domestic commitments, etc. One large gender difference that appears to be prevalent is that of communication. I believe that gender communication holds many advantages and disadvantages within discussions as well as in distinctive settings. When looking

Intercultural Communication Shares Information Across...

The term intercultural communication refers to a type of communication that is aiming at sharing information across diverse social groups and cultures. In general, intercultural communication describes wide range of communication processes that are naturally occurring in organizations which are made up of individuals who are from different backgrounds. Today’s world has been characterized by increased communication between different people around the world resulting to establishment of contracts across people from different locations. The term power distance as defined by (De Vito, 2006) is the extent which ordinary people in organizations accept that power in the institution is unequally distributed. Many cultures which have a low power distance do accept power relations which are more democratic in nature. In such organizations, people who hold inferior positions feel free to question their superiors and challenge them when it comes to decision making or policy suggestion. A good example of a country with low power distance is the United States and a country with high power distance is Saudi Arabia (De Vito, 2006). High power distance in a country not only affects the relationship between the government and its citizens but also affects employer-employee relationship (De Vito, 2006). Power distance is mainly concerned with the attitudes of people and the respect they have to their authorities. Having respect to your authorities and bearing in mind the right attitude isShow MoreRelatedHow Adolescence Should Be Given Opportunities For Communication Among Individuals From Different Cultures1399 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity to communicate and form bonds with individuals from another culture so that they may form intercultural friendships in a nation that continues to grow increasingly diverse. This paper explores five published articles pertaining to communication among individuals from different cultures. 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Along with the ever-growing diversity in America, brings along intercultural communication. Intercultural communication can be defined as a situated communication between individuals or groups of different linguistic and cultural origins. Due to the limitless amounts of diversity and intercultural communication

Physical Therapy for Children Behavioural Problems in School

Questions: Part 1: Based on the evaluation report (below), select two functional goals to be achieved by Jonathon within the next three months. From the evaluation report, list the impairments you feel are most likely contributing to each of the functional limitations (make two separate lists one for each functional limitation). Part 2: Next, you need to develop intervention/treatment sessions. You may develop one session working on each functional limitation or you may combine the functional limitations (as we are often working on more than one goal in a intervention/ treatment session) and develop two different intervention/ treatment sessions (ie: one for this week and one for next week). Be sure to include the specific play and functional activities, positions in which the child would work, and how you would facilitate each activity with Jonathon. Part 3: Finally, select four of the six following topics and describe how the material covered in this course related to each topic would be applicable to Jonathon. Be specific as to how you would directly use what you learned to address each selected topic and how the information covered would direct your interventions. Educational services to address Jonathons needs Lower extremity orthoses and/or serial casts Medical/ surgical management of spasticity Jonathons assistive technology / equipment needs Future issues as Jonathan grows and develops Jonathons current and future physical fitness needs Answers: Introduction Paediatric therapy is focused upon the therapy of children having various kinds of difficulties. Therefore, this part of medical biology and the medical practitioners has a greater concern as they are dealing with health issues of children and their health benefits are of greater concern. In this assignment, the key concentration is the 8-year old child Jonathon, who has been diagnosed with spastic diplegia. Jonathon was born prematurely at 32 weeks of gestation when he was weighed only 3 pounds 4 ounces (Campbell, Palisano Orlin, 2012). Jonathon was kept in NICU for four weeks after his birth. Spastic diplegia is a special kind of cerebral palsy which is a chronic neuromuscular condition of hypertonia and spasticity. The condition is manifested by the tightness and stiffness of muscle, especially in the lower extremities of the body including legs, hip and pelvis. Usually, children diagnosed with this kind of cerebral palsy suffer from the various degree of activity and functional limitation, some of them cannot walk independently (Palisano et al., 2012). The paediatric physical therapy helps those children for improving their movements and daily activities through different kind of specialized exercise and physical therapy. Here, Jonathon needs some treatment sessions for improving his physical impairment and functional limitations. This assignment will be focused on developing functional goals for Jonathons health improvements and treatment plans based on this. Part 1 From the evaluation report of Jonathon, it has been revealed that Jonathon has a problem with his lower extremities of body, especially knee, ankle and hip. He has a problem with hip abduction and hip flexion. He has decreased the length of hamstring, femoris and hip internal rotator, thus, he is having the problem with ring-sitting and hip rotation. As well as he is having decreased mobility of the thoracic spine and full shoulder flexion and abduction are a limitations for him. Therefore, his two functional goals for physical therapy should be concerned with the improvement of hip flexibility and movement as well as the improved mobility of thoracic spine for better shoulder flexibility (Batshaw, Roizen Lotrecchiano, 2013). The strengthening programs can be beneficial for long-term functional gains in the children with cerebral palsy, or specifically spastic diplegia. The strengthening program has been evaluated to enhance self-image, encourages the socialization and influences mo re active lifestyle of the children with spastic diplegia. Here, children with spastic diplegia, while undergoing strengthening the program, will increase strength, decrease activity limitation and improve his mobility with enhanced perceived societal participation (Palisano et al., 2012). In the case of Jonathon, these improvements are crucial as he is having the similar problem. Therefore, the functional objectives or goals should be set according to the goals of these programs. Two functional goals can be set for the health benefits of Jonathon. One is hip abduction and rotation improvements and the second one is the improvement of thoracic spine flexibility for shoulder movement. There are some limitations, more specifically; there are some activity limitations for Jonathon, listing that limitation will be helpful for understanding the specific health barriers for Jonathon and his appropriate health needs for planning the treatment or intervention sessions (Deluca et al., 2012). For Hip flexibility, the limitations include: Jonathon s mother is concerned with his left hip turning in.' Jonathon attempts to ring-sit, but his weight is shifted posteriorly on his sacrum in a posterior pelvic tilt His pelvis is shifted to left with a right side drop Jonathon has a decreased hip internal rotators on the left; his popliteal angle is 45 on right and 30 on left The strength testing results revealed that hip abduction is present only with hip flexion Jonathon is unable to demonstrate hip, ankle or stepping strategies Jonathon prefers to sit in W-sit position, as ring-sitting is difficult for him He can creep on knees and hands, but shows the bunny hop pattern, while doing it He is unable to rise from the floor without support due to the stiffness of hip muscle For spinal cord flexibility, the limitations include: Jonathons trunk and thoracic spine are kyphotic and head is forward with capital extension In standing, Jonathon is very asymmetrical For maintaining his trunk upright in a symmetrical position, he demonstrates excessive left lateral trunk flexion Jonathons full active shoulder flexion and abduction are limited by 20 bilaterally and forearms supination beyond 30. He is independent in ambulation by rolling walker but has difficulties in ascending and descending curbs. Part 2 The treatment or intervention session for addressing Jonathons health needs is concentrated upon the improvement of spinal cord movement and flexibility and the hip flexibility. For these cases, strengthening program will have several benefits helping Jonathon to improve his daily activities and social participation via motor improvements (Greenberg Harris, 2012). Intervention session for Hip flexibility and strengthening The trunk-hip strengthening on standing can help Jonathon to improve his hip flexibility. The exercise can help in trunk-hip activation and pelvic tilt motion while standing (Sterling et al., 2013). In spite of recommending the conventional trunk-hip exercise, Jonathon can be recommended to be provided with modified trunk-hip exercise improving the left pelvic tilt during standing. The trunk-hip exercise session will be planned for 3 months. The actual plan will be accompanied for 6 weeks, the exercises for the hip flexibility will be aligned with the physical activity plan for Jonathon's spinal cord flexibility, and both plans will be assigned to Jonathon in a rotation, i.e. Jonathon will do exercise plan for hip flexion and abduction in one week and will undergo shoulder exercise plan in next week (Kisner Colby, 2012). It will help him to avoid fatigue or muscle stiffness and will help muscles to become slowly active and lose tightness. Jonathon will be subjected to 30 minutes one -to-one session with his physical therapist per alternative weeks through 3 months. The modified trunk-hip strengthening exercise will have two parts; one is 15 minutes routine physiotherapy and 15 minutes trunk-hip exercise. The second part will consist of modified unilateral bridge exercise and modified prone bridge exercise. In the modified unilateral bridge exercise, at first, Jonathon will be directed to lie on the floor with both hands by sides and then will be guided to extend one leg and bend the other leg aligning the foot on the floor. Then Jonathon will attempt to raise the hip for making a straight line from the shoulder to knee (Howcroft et al. 2012). In this position, he would be guided to hold for 10 seconds and the same activity will be repeated for ten times. Then after taking 2 minutes break, Jonathon will shift to modified prone bridge exercise. Here, he will lie the face down on the floor with the support of forearm. After that, Jonathon will be guided to put his both feet on the wall flatly aligning legs with shoulder-width apart. As it has been revealed that, Jonathon is unable to support symmetrical trunk alignment; his trunk stability should be supported with a towel under his ches t and pelvis (Franki et al. 2012). Then, he would be helped to raise slowly his body for creating a straight line from head to knee. In this position, he will have to hold for 10 seconds and repeat the position for ten times. Intervention session for spinal extensions and flexibility Jonathon has a kyphotic spine and his head is forward with capital extension. Thus during standing, he is very asymmetrical and demonstrates excessive left lateral trunk flexion while maintaining his trunk upright in the position. He has a weak spinal extensors, especially thoracic extensor which i.e., kyphoic and thus he has difficulty in moving his body against gravity and maintain optimal posture and alignment. The overuse of flexor limits his activities of antagonist extensors. For improving his spine extension and flexibility, active prone extension exercise will be recommended (Verschuren et al., 2012). Jonathon will receive this exercise program for three months aligning with the hip exercise in alternative weeks. Jonathon will be advised to lie prone and lift his upper extremities of body and legs off the surface. The position will be like, flying like a superman and he would be suggested to hold his body in this position for 30 seconds. He will receive the exercise for three days per alternative weeks. Initially, the exercise will include only 30 minutes physical activity in the above position while progressing, the extension will include arms extension overhead or leaning over the edge of a table and trying to extend the arm beyond the table's height. He can be recommended for thoracic extensor for being exercised while seating if he is unable to tolerate pronely. His physical activities can be more attractive and entertaining by making the activities in a fun activities like doing prone activities on a scooter, platform swing for pushing off a wall, knock down objects, wheelbarrow walking. As he attends swimming class, swimming can be advised for doing with support under his belly in swimming pool (Scholtes et al., 2012). Part 3 Educational Services to address Jonathons needs Jonathon is getting home schooling, as his psychologist has been suggested this after his cognitive tests. However, it has been revealed that Jonathon misses his classmates and misses their conversation and he uses to avoid difficult tasks by talking. He is not willingly cooperating with the home exercises. All of these scenarios are indicating Jonathons needs of being social and spending his childhood like another child with his classmates. Therefore, his parent can send him to a school where children with special needs are provided education and proper care services. His parents can undergo an educational lesson where they will be aware of their child's health and educational needs. Recreational activities are recommended for his socialization. It will help him to become more active in ADLs (Whalen Case-Smith, 2012). Jonathons assistive technology/equipment needs AS Jonathon is having difficulties in excessive walking or lifting from the floor as well as other ADLs, Jonathon needs some assistive utensils for improving his daily life activities. In this context, he will need appropriately adapted vehicles, including wheelchair, for mobilization of long distances in roads or towards school. An adaptive tricycle can help him to improve eye-hand coordination and self-esteem and respiration. He needs standing equipment like rolling walker, forearm crutches and AFOs for improving his upright standing and short distance movement. His parents can use adaptive commode and bath chair for promoting his cognitive improvement in completing ADLs. Additionally, communication devices can be used (Darrah et al., 2012). Medical/ surgical management of spasticity There are number surgeries for the children with spastic diplegia. In the case of Jonathon, he has been undergone the bilateral derotation osteotomies and hamstring lengthening as well as heel cord lengthening. In this context, he can also be subjected to tendon lengthening and transfer as well as asthrodesis. However, at his age, physiotherapy is better to be performed, as the multilevel surgery is performed after eight years age (Brossard-Racine et al., 2012). Lower extremity orthoses and serial casts Jonathon has problems in lower extremities and thus he is using solid bilateral AFOs. He can do and off his shoes and AFOs in 10 minutes but quickly distracted. In this condition, serial casting will be beneficial for him. Serial casting of both legs in every 1 to 2 weeks along with the changed angle of casting will help to position the muscles and joints correctly, thereby helping him to improve Jonathons health outcomes related to movement and standing (Shikako-Thomas et al. 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, it is revealed that Jonathon needs special care for the improvement of his lower extremities and movement. After evaluating his health history and medical strength test report, it has been revealed that there are two major functional problems for Jonathon and according to that, functional goals has been set and based on the goals, health interventions were planned. The major two health interventions are physical exercise plan for Jonathon for improving his hip flexibility and shoulder flexibility. In this context, his three months exercise programs have been formulated for improving his health outcomes in standing, shoulder exercise and hip exercises. Reference List Batshaw, M. L., Roizen, N. J., Lotrecchiano, G. R. (2013). Children with disabilities. Brookes Publishing: Washington DC. Brossard-Racine, M., Hall, N., Majnemer, A., Shevell, M. I., Law, M., Poulin, C., Rosenbaum, P. (2012). Behavioural problems in school age children with cerebral palsy.European Journal of Paediatric Neurology,16(1), 35-41. Campbell, S. K., Palisano, R. J., Orlin, M. N. (Eds.). (2012). Physical therapy for children (4th ed.). st Louis, MO. Elsevier/ Saunders. Darrah, J., Wiart, L., Magillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Evans, J., Ray, L., Andersen, J. (2012). Are familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ centred principles, functional goal setting and transition planning evident in therapy services for children with cerebral palsy?.Child: care, health and development,38(1), 41-47. DeLuca, S. C., Case-Smith, J., Stevenson, R., Ramey, S. L. (2012). Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for young children with cerebral palsy: Effects of therapeutic dosage.Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine,5(2), 133-142. Franki, I., Desloovere, K., De Cat, J., Feys, H., Molenaers, G., Calders, P., ... Van den Broeck, C. (2012). The evidence-base for basic physical therapy techniques targeting lower limb function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a conceptual framework.Journal of rehabilitation medicine,44(5), 385-395. Greenberg, M. T., Harris, A. R. (2012). Nurturing mindfulness in children and youth: Current state of research.Child Development Perspectives,6(2), 161-166. Howcroft, J., Klejman, S., Fehlings, D., Wright, V., Zabjek, K., Andrysek, J., Biddiss, E. (2012). Active video game play in children with cerebral palsy: potential for physical activity promotion and rehabilitation therapies.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation,93(8), 1448-1456. Kisner, C., Colby, L. A. (2012).Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques. Fa Davis. Palisano, R. J., Begnoche, D. M., Chiarello, L. A., Bartlett, D. J., McCoy, S. W., Chang, H. J. (2012). Amount and focus of physical therapy and occupational therapy for young children with cerebral palsy.Physical occupational therapy in pediatrics,32(4), 368-382. Palisano, R. J., Chiarello, L. A., King, G. A., Novak, I., Stoner, T., Fiss, A. (2012). Participation-based therapy for children with physical disabilities.Disability and rehabilitation,34(12), 1041-1052. Scholtes, V. A., Becher, J. G., Janssen-Potten, Y. J., Dekkers, H., Smallenbroek, L., Dallmeijer, A. J. (2012). Effectiveness of functional progressive resistance exercise training on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.Research in developmental disabilities,33(1), 181-188. Shikako-Thomas, K., Dahan-Oliel, N., Shevell, M., Law, M., Birnbaum, R., Rosenbaum, P., ... Majnemer, A. (2012). Play and be happy? Leisure participation and quality of life in school-aged children with cerebral palsy.International journal of pediatrics,2012. Sterling, C., Taub, E., Davis, D., Rickards, T., Gauthier, L. V., Griffin, A., Uswatte, G. (2013). Structural neuroplastic change after constraint-induced movement therapy in children with cerebral palsy.Pediatrics,131(5), e1664-e1669. Verschuren, O., Wiart, L., Hermans, D., Ketelaar, M. (2012). Identification of facilitators and barriers to physical activity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.The Journal of pediatrics,161(3), 488-494. Whalen, C. N., Case-Smith, J. (2012). Therapeutic effects of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.Physical occupational therapy in pediatrics,32(3), 229-242.

White Noise The invasion of Consumerism in a PostM Essay Example For Students

White Noise The invasion of Consumerism in a PostM Essay odern Family The Invasion of Consumerism into the lives of a Post-Modern Family Consumerism is taking place everywhere. Whether we like it or not, it has come to invade our everyday modern lives. Steven Miles, a lecturer in sociology at the University of Plymouth says How we consume, why we consume, and the parameters laid down for us within which we consume have become increasingly significant influences on how we construct our everyday lives (1). Consumerism has even gotten to the point of affecting the way we go about living and controlling our personal and social lives (Miles 5). Wherever we go and whatever we do, consumerism is praised as the answer to all of our problems, an escape from some of the harsh realities of our lives. We will write a custom essay on White Noise The invasion of Consumerism in a PostM specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Don DeLillos White Noise depicts the different aspects of consumerism and the effects it has post-modern family that it invades. That specific family is the Gladneys from Blacksmith. For the Gladney family, Jack, Babette, Heinrich, Steffie, Denise, and Wilder, consumerism is a way of life. It is something they are always taking part in, even if it is unconsciously. Consumerism is incorporated in with virtually every activity the family takes part in, whether it be eating out, spending a day together at the shopping mall, or making a quick stop at the supermarket. Jack Gladney is a patron of supermarkets and shopping malls (McInerney 36). Jack alone, but more frequently with the company of one or more family members, makes trips to the supermarket. The supermarket has come to be a major point of intersection in todays culture (Conroy 97). Among the busy and bustling crowds of people, Jack often runs into acquaintances, most commonly a colleague from The College on The Hill, Murray Jay Siskind: The two girls and Babette, Wilder and I went to the supermarket. Minutes after we entered, we ran into Murray. This was the fourth or fifth time Id seen him in the supermarket, which was roughly the number of times Id seen him on campus. (35) Even Jacks daughter, Denise, runs into a group of friends during one shopping trip. They all gather together to look at books and talk. Jack also has many significant conversations with Murray while casually strolling up and down the aisles of the supermarket. On one such occasion, Murray tells Jack how happy he is to be in Blacksmith, in the supermarket, in the rooming house, on the Hill (36). He continues to say I feel I am learning important things every day. Death, disease, afterlife, outerspace. Its all much clearer here. I can think and see (36). With Murray expressing his feelings to Jack, it is almost as if these encounters at the supermarket are replacing customary Aside from being a meeting grounds, the supermarket is filled with many consumer goods conveniently in bulk. Jack describes this in one of his many trips to the There were six kinds of apples, there were exotic melons in several pastels. Everything seemed to be in season, This kind of abundance of goods is seen in just about everywhere. Ten years ago, most supermarkets stocked about nine thousand items and now todays stores carry over 24 thousand (Wolkormir). Most of these items come from a can or box and can be cooked in the microwave or require no cooking at all. This explains why the number of hours parents spend cooking is going down at an increasingly rapid rate and why McDonalds so proudly displays outside their restaurants, Over 1 Billion Served. Fast food restaurants play a big role in todays growing consumerism. Americans enjoy more restaurant prepared food than ever before. Carrie Reynolds, a fast food restaurant consultant says, we eat out today more because it fits our high-speed, consumer-mad lifestyles(qtd. in Silver 42). Almost half of every dollar spent in 1999 was spent eating out, and that figure is expected to up 53% by 2010 (Silver 40). .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .postImageUrl , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:hover , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:visited , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:active { border:0!important; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:active , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Poverty And Its Effects On America Essay The Gladneys are seen eating restaurant prepared food frequently, whether it be Chinese take-out night or dinner in a car outside of a commercial strip of fast food restaurants. This is common for families, especially because it is convenient for the parents busy schedules. Fast food may be convenient and seems great at the time, but in the long run, can eventually kill. One in five children between the ages of six and seventeen is overweight and if current trends continue, nearly half of todays .

Villains in Shakespeare essays

Villains in Shakespeare essays When reading a story, people tend to identify with the hero. They like to think of themselves as heroes in their own lives and the success of a hero in a story makes them feel better about their chances of success in their own lives. However, a hero is only as great as the obstacle he can overcome. The obstacle can be a natural disaster or even a wild animal but it is a human villain who himself develops and changes as the story unfolds that can be the most challenging, and therefore interesting obstacle to overcome. In fact, it is the villain who makes the story exciting. What is a story without a villain? For example, what would the story of Cinderella be without the ever-present evil of Cinderellas wicked stepmother and stepsisters. And the ending of the story would be much less satisfying if the prince did not have to run all over town, shoe in hand to find his true love. We would never have come to know and love the seven dwarfs if Snow White wouldnt have been kicked out of the house by her jealous stepmother. It is the villain who moves and compels the story. It is the villain who provides the conflict that in turn sets the story into motion. As George W. Williams says of Iago ...The most energetic of the number and because of that energy... the most interesting (Williams, 96). It seems that many of the best theatrical moments go to these shadowy figures. There are many characteristics that define a villain. Shakespeare does an outstanding job of creating tremendously well developed villains, the type of villains that you love to hate. I will use two of Shakespeares most famous villains, Iago and Claudius, to examine the character and function of villains in a drama. For one, villains are self-serving. These egocentric characters place their own interests above the interest of others. They refuse to accept the idea of a higher morality and pursue their own end...

The Impact of Employee Involvement in Hiring and Promotions Process of Assignment

The Impact of Employee Involvement in Hiring and Promotions Process of Public Administration Agencies - Assignment Example The dissertation looks at the goal of how beneficial employee involvement could be among public administration agencies if it is practiced during hiring and promotions processes. To this end, the topic of the dissertations is stated as: â€Å"the impact of employee involvement in hiring and promotions process of public administration agencies.† Considering the nature of the topic, which touches directly on an identified institution, it would be true to say that there will be a lot of institutional reviews needed for the research. Institutional review of the research would come in two major forms and formats. In the first place, there ought to be an institutional review that looks at the ethics and rules of engagement in the identified institution in the conduct of research of this nature. Even though this may generally be an academic exercise, it is important that some basic rules of research including the need for ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of data are reserved. As much as these standards are adhered to, the institutional reviews needed on the part of the awarding institution, which is the university will also be catered for to a very large extent (Schein, 2004). For a higher academic level dissertation preparation of this nature, it is always important for the researcher to appreciate the fact that all knowledge cannot rest with him alone (Schein, 2004). What this means is that the researcher would always, and at one point in time or the other need the inputs of other people in making highly informed choices on the dissertation. Considering the fact that the dissertation preparation goes through many different stages, it would be more than true to say that at every point or stage in the preparation of the dissertation, the input of some people will be needed.  

Lessons learned from the collapse of bear stearns Essay

Lessons learned from the collapse of bear stearns - Essay Example All the major cause will be expansively presented in this paper. The valuable lessons learnt from the crisis will also be thrown light upon in this paper. Bear Stearns, AIG, Lehmann Brothers, Northern Rock, Goldman Sachs are some elite names that suffered the most because of the economic crisis also known as recession. Lehmann brothers filed for bankruptcy while AIG and a few other elites just hung in there with the skin of their teeth. This economic crisis is still having repercussions on countries like Greece and Spain; the whole of Euro Zone is facing a financial turmoil. There are a few other countries that have been not so severely affected by the same. The crisis triggered off because of unchecked debt, banks kept issuing loans to people who invested heavily in buying assets, several things were taken for granted but when proved otherwise there was hardly a place in the world to hide. Overvaluation in real estate is perhaps the biggest cause of the current economic crisis, it i s better known as the subprime crisis in the US. The likes of Lehmann Brothers and other financial services went bust because they kept issuing credit to the people who thought the property price would increase and they would be easily able to pay off the debt that they are borrowing. It did not turn out that way and there was a short of equity, this is exactly why the financial institutions went bankrupt. The overvaluation is the biggest factor that caused the current economic crisis. Factors like bad income tax practices have added insult to injury, bad mortgage lending also contributed heavily to this current economic crisis. â€Å"The way to address the root cause is to let house prices drop to where an average house is within the means of an average household.   (Or, alternatively, boost the income of the average household to the point that they can afford an average house.   But that's very hard.   Letting houses prices go on falling, although painful for everyone who o wns a house or who has lent money to someone who owns a house, is very easy.)† (Root Cause of the Financial Crisis) Role of Monetary Policy Some of the main plausible reasons that caused the recent financial crisis have been identified in the above sections. According to Brunnermeie (2009), cheap mortgage financing to sub-standard borrowers fuelled the boom in the U.S. housing market. Three factors were primarily responsible for the fall of the housing market in the U.S. (which in essence, constituted a very small segment of the financial market in the country) transforming into a global contagion. First, the â€Å"originate and distribute† banking model, together with the high rate of securitization, led to declining lending standards and made it impossible to re-price the complex structured products. This significantly eroded the confidence level of banks, thereby disrupting the inter-bank markets and credit flow. Second, banks relied heavily on short-term funding sou rces, hence raising the risk of funding. Finally, the ever-growing integration of global financial systems and the increasing interest towards structured financial instruments quickly transmitted the crisis to all the major regions of the world. Gourinchas (2010) focused on the role of monetary policy in the recent financial contagion as well as the role played by exogenous influences, particularly the rising external deficits referred to as ‘Global Imbalances’. According to Gourinchas, both explanations are not satisfactory as the sole

Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay

Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay Social media is a growing phenomenon in our present information age. For many persons, particularly the youth, social media and other newmedia tools provide the platform to create, disseminate and share information among groups and in other cases consolidate existing connections (Lind Zmud, 1995; cited in Haythornthwaite, 2002). The power and influences of the social media phenomenon in shaping our world today cannot be overlooked. Its impact is witnessed as a coordinating tool for a significant number of the worlds political movements. The angry protests that pushed the removal of Philippine President Joseph Estrada (Shirky, 2011; Safranek, 2012) and the political revolutions that took place in the Middle East commonly referred to as the Arab Spring are but some examples of the potency of the social media in empowering citizens and projecting their will. Again in political campaigning, social media is credited to have contributed significantly to the electoral success of then candid ate Barak Obama as his adoption of the technology facilitated his reach to and garnering support from many young voters, and also support his fundraising during the 2008 American presidential elections (YouTube and the 2008 Election Cycle in the United States, 2009; Haley, 2011/12). In Ghana, a number of the presidential and parliamentary candidates for the 2012 elections have created presence on the various social media platforms targeting their campaign messages at the different social groups found on these platforms. Advertisers, marketers as well as other businesses and brands in Ghana are gradually adopting social media to facilitate interactions between themselves and the audiences they seek to reach. The trend in this means of communication is not much different from what is happening globally. The social media fad is believed to have enhanced cultural exchanges (Grincheva, 2012), created, maintained and deepened social ties in a significant number of social settings (Haythornthwaite, 2002). For quite a number of people, it is almost impossible to exist in our present world and not be affected by the social media phenomenon. It has become part of our new world which is driven extensively by information and communication. The importance of civic engagements in democratic dispensations cannot be over emphasised. Various works suggest less civic engagements in many western nations (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These works imply decreases, especially among Americas young generation, in social and political happenings such as volunteering for community activities and voting to elect political officials. They conclude that such apathy towards civic engagements poses a threat to the countrys democracy. Civic conversation or discourse is a useful measure of civic engagements. Good civic discourse,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦enriches the set of ideals and choices by which citizens govern themselves (Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy, 2006). Thus in a time where Information and Communication Technology tools are facilitating efficient communication and have become an attraction for many, noticeably the youth, understanding its adoption for the promotion of civic discourses in Ghana cannot be overlooked. Background The social media application runs on the foot of the internet technology. The internet in our world today directs the manner in which efficient means of communication is carried from place to place, person to person and culture to culture. There are expectations that the internet will become ubiquitous (Rao, 2012). Researchers and scholars have divergent opinions of the impacts of the internet and new media technology on our world today. Their opinions are expressed broadly in utopian and dystopian perspectives and cover all aspects of life of which the technology is experienced. The utopians appreciate the Internet as a potentially enormous tool for good. The positive possibilities from the Internet include supporting the practice of democracy, human interactions, concerted political action, education, etc. On the other hand the dystopians, the cyberpunks and the alarmists, see danger in every digital project to the extent of its cause to an ultimate loss of our humanity. The many t exts messages, Facebook comments or tweets that pour into radio and television programmes each day according to Utopians proponents are indicative of the internet empowering ordinary citizens to participate and have their voices heard in the discourses on issues that affect their lives in the communities they live in. However, when stories such as the murder of a 25 year old girl by friends she had met on Facebook make the news (Adeboye Ayodeji , 2012),dystopian proponents have cause to warn of the dangers of the internet technology. (Bell, 2001) Understanding the internet and all its associated technology and applications requires an understanding of the dimensions under which the internet can be studied. Bell explains three ways to understanding the internet or its synonym cyberspace: the material, symbolic and experiential. Bell cites Stanley Aronowitz (1996) as providing the terms ontology, phenomenology and pragmatics as other synonyms to discuss ways of thinking about the internet technology. Material stories of the internet technology provide a historical understanding of how the technology came to exist and the transformations it has undergone. Thus the advent of the ARPAnet-a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information between military installations (Bellis, 2012) is an example material understanding of the internet technology. Symbolic stories of the internet or cyberspace give literary and generic accounts most notably in cyberpunk but also in science fiction and other speculative fiction (Whittaker, 2004). Bell, citing Jordan (1999), provides an explanation to symbolic stories of cyberspace as the ways in which the realm of cyberspace is depicted in films and fiction, e.g. Robocop, Matrix. Robocop treats symbolic representations of the bad cop and the good cop (Newitz, 1997), scenarios which are on-going debates in our material world. Experiential stories, according to Bell, relate to the intersections of the material and symbolic stories of cyberspace in our everyday life. Our daily interactions with the internet technology provide foundations for understanding the internet and its associated new media technologies. Experiential examples of the new media are evident in its ability to allow people: to more easily work from their homes, to form and sustain friendships and romantic attachments, to bank from their homes, to vote and engage in political and social-issue-based discussions and civic discourse, may empower shy people who find it difficult to participate in communication to share their views on issues. A dystopian view sees the advent of theft of personal information, considerable reduction in physical contact and face-to-face communication, virus threats to data and information storage as well as a lack of productivity in work. Broadly, the discussions on the study will be situated more in experiential understandings of cyberspace. New media and social media New media tools, internet based technologies and applications, provide platforms for social media tools to be used for all manner of conversations including civic discourses (Simon, 2007, pp. 258-259). The new media technology is quickly changing the communication and media industry with its study detailing how digital (computer) technology is applied to mass communications (Hoggatt, 1999). Pointedly the new media technology has not completely dislocated the significance of traditional media channels but thus created a convergence making its impact on society, commerce, and governance phenomenal. The Internet, satellite and cable data transmission, computer assisted mediations and research, multimedia publishing, mobile and phone interactions, and word processing are but examples of new media technology. New media technology has become revolutionary in its ability to handle behind the scenes work and become  the finished product (Hoggatt, 1999). Its ability to break down the obstructions of time and space, change the balance of power in equitable opportunities to communicate in the mass media are recorded contributions to the operations of contemporary societies (Nag, 2011; Hoggatt, 1999). A component of the new media technology is social media which is often erroneously used synonymously to represent new media. Social media refers to online technologies and practices that are used to share opinions and information, promote discussion and build relationships (Crown Copyright, 2009). The application shares the features of Participation, Openness, Conversation, Community, and Connectedness (iCrossing, 2008). According to iCrossing, social media can presently be found in the following basic forms: Social Networks:sites which allow people to build personal web pages and then connect with friends to share content and communication. Facebook, Myspace, bebo and Academia.edu are examples of social networks. Blogs: online journals with entries appearing with the most recent first. Wikis: websites which allow people to add content to or edit the information on them, acting as a communal document or database. The best-known wiki is wikipedia Podcasts: audio and video files that are available by subscription, through services like apple itunes. Forums: areas for online discussion, often around specific topics and interests. Forums came about before the term social media and are a powerful and popular element of online communities. Content Communities: organise and share particular kinds of content. The most popular content communities tend to form around photos (flickr), bookmarked links (del.icio.us) and videos (YouTube). Micro blogging: social networking combined with bite-sized blogging, where small amounts of content (updates) are distributed online and through the mobile phone network. Twitter the clear leader in this field.  [1]   Social media and New media in Ghana With about a 10% gain from 5% in internet penetration (Daily Graphic, 2012)Ghana is not likely to be isolated or insulated from global trends in internet and new media use, especially those associated with the social media. Universally, Facebook is noted as the most popular social media platform (eBizMBA, 2012), and is most recognized in Ghana as well. Currently, there are nearly 2 million Facebook users in Ghana ranking the country at number 69in global ranking of Facebook statistics (Socialbakers, 2012). Socialbakers statistics for October 2012 illustrates that Facebook penetration in Ghanais6.77%compared to the countrys population and 126.98%in relation to number of Internet users. The total number of Facebook users in Ghana is reaching 1,646,920 and grew by more than 435,160 in the last 6 months. About 41% of Ghanas Facebook user population is between 18 and 24 years, an age group that can be found typically beginning university education or exiting into the professional world. Chart (Socialbakers, Ghana Facebook Statistics, 2012) Figure : Ghanas Facebook user age distributions as at July 2012 http://api.socialbakers.com/charts/countries/users.html?country=ghanainterval=last-monthstate=0 (Socialbakers, Users Demography for the Ghana, 2012) Figure : Growth pattern of Facebook users in Ghana as at October 2012 YouTube, twitter and LinkedIn are also popular among Ghanaians. Though their popularity is high among the youth and IT savvy persons, statistics on these social media applications are rather low or unavailable. Statistics for twitter presented by Socialbakers present individual followership rather than an assessment on national. No Ghanaian profile or account is listed in the top 200 global accounts. The same applies with YouTube and LinkedIn. Ghana was one of the first African countries to get connected to the Internet between 1989 and 1990. However, the extent of use of the new media technology generally among Ghanaians is limited (Sey, 2011). This is a result of the underdevelopment of existing telecommunications infrastructure, though in recent times significant investments have been in developing them. The investments have been supported by a national communications policy which highlights the Government of Ghanas commitment to accelerating the socio-economic development process of the country through ICT (Republic of Ghana, 2003, p. 14; cited in Sey 2011). In the wake of this policy, there has been considerable improvements in internet connectivity which begun in the early 1990s with the slow bandwidth dial up access to the now high speed broadband connectivity. Mobile phone telephony is not only big on the African Continent but equally the predominate mode of telecommunications in Ghana. This is attributable to the generally poor development of the fixed line infrastructure in the country. As at the year 2007 just over one fixed line existed per 100 inhabitants (Sey, 2011). Ghanas National Communications Authority announced a mobile telephony penetration rate of about 88.6% as at January 2012 with the leading service provider recording over 10 million subscriptions (Myjoyonline, 2012 ). New media uses of in Ghana Several accounts have been given for the varied uses of the new media technology in Ghana. The technology is appropriated to businesses and community development. For some Ghanaians the Internet serves as an escape mechanism to connect with the Western world as a poverty reduction strategy (Sey, 2011 citing Slater Kwami, 2005). The Internet provides a means to connect with people in developed countries who are seen as prospective sources of financial aid for their migration out of Ghana. Those with no intent to physically leave the country enjoy Western life, indirectly, through foreign content online available via new media tools. Other uses of the new media include sending e-mails, finding and communicating with pen pals, applying to schools abroad, watching movies, listening to music, and playing games (Alhassan, 2004; Burrell, 2009; Daily Graphic, 2003; Slater Kwami, 2005; Cited in Sey 2011). Political parties have also embraced the new media technology and are using social med ia particularly to grasp the attention of young people. A Communication official of the New Patriotic Party says the party adopts a writing style suitable for the social media in its messaging as the technology creates a better communication channel between the party and voters. The National Democratic Congress says the interactive nature of social media facilitates incorporating feedback from voters into the partys decision making processes (Boakyewaa Pokua, 2011). Amongst Students of the University of Ghana, the most popular social media tool is Facebook (Oduro, 2011). Oduro says Facebook uses are varied; including meeting new friends, sharing information on academic work, and updating family and friends with what is happening in ones life. With mobile telephony, Ghanaians surf the internet, store music, receive SMS alerts on international and sports news, send funds, chat via instant messaging services like Whats App or BBM, and even watch mobile TV. Some political parties are raising funds for their political activities through the use of SMS systems (Amega-Selorm, n.d). As the 2012 Presidential and Parliamentary elections draw close, civil election monitoring is being promoted via mobile telephony. The African Elections Project is enabling mobile phone users to be part of the election reporting and monitoring (GNA, 2012). Civic discourse and principles of civic discourse Making reference to the Hurricane Katrina which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States of America, the Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy (2006; pp1) suggests that civic discourses may have the potential to help mitigate the impact of crisis and also help prepare for the next. According to the ICDD, energies spent on media discussions following the disaster which focused on blames and accusations could have been used to discuss how victims of the disaster could be helped. The ICDD suggests that focusing on what mattered rather than blame games could have helped address human need during the crisis or its immediate aftermath. Civic discourse is purposeful communication carried out among citizens dedicated to sharing perspectives and constructing possible actions on issues that matter (ICDD 2006). Effective civic discourse ought to establish principles of inclusiveness, reflection, reciprocity, rationality, recognition of difference, and moderation. Thus the following are identified as Good Principles of Civic Discourse: Provide framework for dialogue (establish ground rules; framework should recognize any cultural differences) Provide all with voice (create safe rhetorical space; manage inequalities of access and power) Focus on issues. Invite/encourage a variety of perspectives (inclusiveness) Value evidence variety testimony, statistical evidence, narrative story telling Seek common ground and consensus when possible Avoid personal attacks Resist relying on ideological sloganeering Seek to understand rather than to persuade Problem statement Studies suggest citizens disconnections from civic life in our present information society (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These are noticeable among younger generations in Western democracies (Putnam, n.d.). The United States, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have all recorded younger peoples withdrawal in participating in conventional politics and government (Bennett, 2008, p. 1)which constitute civic activities, in alarming numbers. Americans in the last three decades of the 20th century has witnessed much less engagements in terms of political participation, charitable contributions, involvement in community organizations, and even participation in social activities with some of these trends obvious among college students (Sander Putnam, 2010; Putnam, n.d.). Despite a withdrawal from offline civic life, studies suggest interests in online civic engagements. Online engagement sites facilitate offline activities permitting the youth to access information about issues that affec t them as well as create and maintain connections with their peers for feedback. Ghana is not insulated from the phenomenon of civic recession. A district director of the National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE) in an online publication revealed the decline in civic engagements attributing it to polarised political discourses often at the grassroots (GNA, 2012). The long historic periods of military authoritarian government has probable contribution to Ghanas civic recession. These were periods characterised by a stifled atmosphere for free civic discussions without fear of arrest and or detention. However, the new democratic dispensation gives opportunity for civic participation in social and political discourses mainly through traditional media. The younger generation of Ghanaians, a good of whom maybe enrolled in the universities, increasingly seek to master the use of the internet and new media technologies including social media to express themselves, explore their identi ties, and connect with peers the opportunity to utilise social media to promote civic discourses amongst their social networks is not readily known. The study thus seeks to ascertain the use of social media for civic discourses amongst students of the University of Ghana and will speak to the questions: Are students of the University of Ghana engaged in civic discourses? Are the discourses extended to or carried via the social media? Are there any benefits of engaging in civic discourse via the social media? Are the civic interactions on the social media platform guided by principles of civic discourses? Purpose This study looks to identify and assess civic discourses of students of the University of Ghana as carried via the social media site. Traditional media following their innovations have provided channels for civic discourses. Professional journalism may account for education on what is civically and politically relevant (Akilah, 2012). Thus the publication of journals, articles, letters and the broadcast of views from varied perspectives provide opportunities for all manner of citizens to engage and be engaged on issues that affect them and the communities they find themselves in generally. However, Robert Putnams description of a generation of Americans cut off from traditional forms of community life and civic engagement and have become passive consumers of mass media (Theater, 2007) suggest that the traditional media may have lost its lead in facilitating civic engagement amongst American citizens. Until recently, the print and broadcast media were restricted in their ability to provide all the characteristics of openness, participation, conversation, connectedness and community at the same time as the social media provides. With about seven (7) billion of the worlds population online or accessing the internet through its varied sources (Internet World Stats, 2012), the broadcast media particularly incorporates social media tools in programming to encourage contributions from its audiences. The print media has also adopted a presence on the internet and incorporated social media characteristics in order to maintain relevance in our increasingly sophisticated world. Objectives The study objectives are: to evaluate whether civic discourses take place among students of the university of Ghana. to identify the forms of such civic discourses students of the university of Ghana are engaged in. to ascertain whether such discourses conform to the principles for civic discourses. Significance of the study There is a gap in literature detailing or explaining civic interactions among Ghanaian students particularly those in tertiary institutions. With the advent of the phenomenal social media, many a youth who are mostly likely to be in tertiary education are engaged in various activities on social media. This study will thus provide data and contribute to filling the gap on social media uses for civic discourse interactions among students of the University of Ghana and make recommendations on the possibility of nurturing a generation of elites who adopt technology to further discourses that affect how they are governed and their society at large. Findings from the study can help in selecting and developing alternate communication channels for the promotion of civic discourse in Ghana and among an increasing youthful population enchanted by the new media and its varied applications. Structure of the thesis The design, procedure and findings of the study are presented in seven (7) separate chapters. In each chapter an introduction of the chapter details is presented. The first chapter sets the context of the study by introducing the place of social media in our world today. It further presents patterns of understanding the internet technology on which the social media application is delivered. An overview of new media technologies is also presented situating the nature of use in the Ghanaian context. The aim of the study, research questions and significance are all placed in this chapter. Chapter Two (2) presents the theoretical framework for the study. Three theories underpin this study: a) Democratic theories would be discussed, b) Discourse Theory and c) Deliberation Technology Theory. Chapter Three (3) presents a review of some scholarly works conducted around the use of online technologies and tools for civic or citizen conversations and participations in decision making processes. Chapter Four (4) details the methodology used for the study. A detail of the design, data gathering procedure and analysis of the data are explained. The Chapter Five (5) presents findings from the study from which interpretations and discussions are provided in Chapter Six (6). The final Chapter Seven (7) concludes with summarises of the results, limitations of the study and recommendations for further studies in the subject area. A list of sourced work is presented in the appendices section. The section also includes data gathering tools used for the study.